This paper considers how child poverty and inequality have changed over the period of 2007-2010 across a variety of diverse middle-income countries.  We use data from Luxemburg Income Study (LIS) to analyse child poverty and inequality using harmonized measures of income and consumption in South Africa, Colombia, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Russia, Peru, Panama, Paraguay, and Uruguay.   The paper addresses three main questions: First, how has the risk of child poverty and inequality changed over the 2007-2010 period, and what differences are there between countries in such trends?  Second, how have the drivers of child poverty and inequality changed over the period, especially in employment, changing income and spending patterns, and support from families?  Third, how have state transfers responded to the changed poverty risk and how far have children been protected from poverty by public policy?  For this final question, we disaggregate incomes to identify changing tax and transfer profiles and their gross effect on poverty risk.