Panelists will discuss perspectives about root causes of educational achievement gaps across the continuum of pre-K through higher education, including disparities in school resources, rising school segregation, and the inequitable distribution of teachers by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Discussion will center on 1) the most promising policies to address these issues and the failures of past policies to confront contemporary challenges; and 2) impacts of affirmative action bans on the representation of students of color in higher education, and institutional responses to court cases and laws addressing race-conscious admissions policies.